Sāṃkhya on the Validity (prāmāṇya) and Invalidity (aprāmāṇya) of Cognition

Sāṃkhya Texts

The commentary that survived in the Chinese translation of Paramārtha: (1) Takakusu (1904); (2) Aiyaswami Sastri(1944).

JM = Jayamaṅgalā. (1) Sarma, Haradatta, ed. (1926). Jayamaṅgalā (Śrī Śaṅkarācāryaviracitā Jayamaṅgalā nāma Sāṁkhyasaptatiṭīkā). With an Introduction by Gopi Nath Kaviraj. Calcutta: Narendra Nath Law. (2) Śarman, Viṣṇuprasāda [MV] and Satkāriśarman Vaṅgīya [JM], eds (1970). Sāṃkhyakārikā of Śrīmad Īśvarakṛṣṇa with the Māṭharavṛtti of Māṭharācārya and the Jayamaṅgalā of Śrī Śaṅkara. Varanasi: Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.

Māṭharavṛtti by Māṭhara – see Jayamaṅgalā (2).

Sāṃkhyakārikābhāṣya (or Gauḍapādabhāṣya). Tripathi, Becanarama, ed. (1883). The Sāṅkhya Kārikā with an Exposition Called Candrikā by Nārāyaṇa Tīrtha, and Gauḍapādācārya’s Commentary. Benares: Messrs. Braj B. Das & Co.

Sāṃkhyapravacanabhāṣya by Vijñāna Bhikṣu. Garbe, Richard, ed. (1895). Sāṃkhya-Pravacana-Bhāṣya or Commentary on the Exposition of the Sāṅkhya Philosophy by Vijñānabhikṣu. Cambridge: Publication Agent of Harvard University.

Sāṃkhyasaptativṛtti. Solomon, Esther A., ed. (1973). Sāṃkhya-Saptati-Vṛtti (V1). Ahmedabad: Gujarat University.

Sāṃkhyavṛtti. Solomon, Esther A., ed. (1973). Sāṃkhya-Vṛtti (V2). Ahmedabad: Gujarat University.

SK = Sāṃkhyakārikā. Ruzsa, Ferenc, ed. (1998). Īśvarakṛṣṇa: Sāṃkhyakārikā. http://gretil.sub.uni-goettingen.de/gretil/1_sanskr/6_sastra/3_phil/samkhya/isvskaru.htm (accessed 5 June 2021).

SS = Sāṃkhyasūtras. Garbe, Richard, ed. (1888). Aniruddha’s Commentary and the Original Parts of the Vedāntin Mahādeva’s Commentary to the Sāṃkhya Sūtras. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.

SSV = Sāṃkhyasūtravṛtti – see SS = Sāṃkhyasūtras.

TK = Sāṃkhyatattvakaumudī. Tarkavachaspati, Taranatha, ed. (1871). Sankhyatatwa Koumudi by Bachaspati Misra. Calcutta: Sucharu Press.

YD = Yuktidīpikā – see Wezler and Motegi (1998).

Other Literature

Abhyankar, Vasudev Shastri, ed. (1924). Sarva-Darśana-Saṃgraha of Sāyaṇa-Mādhava. Edited with an Original Commentary in Sanskrit. Poona: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute.

Aiyaswami Sastri, N., ed. (1944). Suvarṇasaptati Śāstra. Sāṅkhya-Kārikā-Saptati of Īśvara-Kṛṣṇa with a Commentary, Reconstructed into Sanskrit from the Chinese Translation of Paramārtha and Edited with English Notes, Introduction and Appendices. Tirupati: Tirümalai-Tirupati Devasthanams Press.

Arnold, Dan (2005). Buddhists, Brahmins, and Belief. Epistemology in South Asian Philosophy of Religion. New York: Columbia University Press.

Balcerowicz, Piotr (2005). ‘Pramāṇas and Language: A Dispute between Diṅnāga, Dharmakīrti and Akalaṅka’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 33(4): 343–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-004-6673-6

Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009). Jaina Epistemology in Historical and Comparative Perspective. Critical Edition and English Translation of Logical-Epistemological Treatises: Nyāyâvatāra, Nyāyâvatāra-vivṛti and Nyāyâvatāra-ṭippaṇa with Introduction and Notes. Vol. 1, 2. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Bhatt, Govardhan P. (1989). The Basic Ways of Knowing. An In-depth Study of Kumārila’s Contribution to Indian Epistemology. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.

Bilimoria, Puruṣottama (1985). ‘Jñāna and Pramā: The Logic of Knowing – A Critical Appraisal’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 13(1): 73–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00208528

Bilimoria, Puruṣottama (1988). Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge. A Doctrine in Mīmāṁsā-Nyāya Philosophy (with Reference to Advaita Vedānta-paribhāṣā ‘Āgama’). Towards a Framework for Śruti-prāmāṇya. Studies in Classical India 10. Dodrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2911-1

Chakrabarti, Kisor Kumar (1984). ‘Some Remarks on Indian Theories of Truth’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 12(4): 339–355. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00196088

Chatterjea, Tara [Chatterjee, Tara] (1991). ‘An Attempt to Understand Svataḥ Prāmāṇyavāda in Advaita Vedānta’.Journal of Indian Philosophy 19(3): 229–248. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00180490

Chatterjea, Tara (2003). Knowledge and Freedom in Indian Philosophy. Lanham: Lexington Books.

Chatterjee, Satischandra (1950). The Nyāya Theory of Knowledge. A Critical Study of Some Problems of Logic and Metaphysics, Calcutta: Calcutta University Press.

David, Hugo. ‘Kāśikā (MS Or. 2380)’. Cambridge Digital Library. https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-OR-02380/1(accessed 26 July 2021).

Ganeri, Jonardon (2018). ‘Epistemology from a Sanskritic Point of View’. [In:] Stich, Stephen, Masaharu Mizumoto and Eric McCready, eds, Epistemology for the Rest of the World. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.003.0002 

Grimes, John (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. Albany: State University of New York Press.

Jacobsen, Knut Axel (2018). Yoga in Modern Hinduism: Hariharānanda Āraṇya and Sāṁkhyayoga. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315113340

Jakubczak, Marzenna (2020). ‘A Revived Sāṃkhyayoga Tradition in Modern India’. Studia Religiologica 53(2): 105–118. https://doi.org/10.4467/20844077SR.20.008.12511

Kāśikā on the Kumārila Bhaṭṭa’s Mīmāṃsāślokavārttika, composed by Sucarita Miśra – see Śāstrī (1990).

Kataoka, Kei (2002). ‘Validity of Cognition and Authority of Scripture’. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 50(2): 1026–1022 (11–15). https://doi.org/10.4259/ibk.50.1026

Kataoka, Kei (2011). Kumārila on Truth, Omniscience, and Killing. Part 1: A Critical Edition of Mīmāṃsā-Ślokavārttika ad 1.1.2 (Codanāsūtra). Part 2: An Annotated Translation of Mīmāṃsā-Ślokavārttika ad 1.1.2 (Codanāsūtra). Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. https://doi.org/10.1553/0x0028e84f

Kataoka, Kei (2016). ‘A Critical Edition of the Prāmāṇya Section of Bhaṭṭa Jayanta’s Nyāyamañjarī’. The Memoirs of the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia 169: 562–503 (1–60).

Krasser, Helmut (2003). ‘On the Ascertainment of Validity in the Buddhist Epistemological Tradition’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 31(1–3): 161–184. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024627107206

Krishna, Daya (2006). ‘Chapter 5. Developments in Sāṁkhya and Yoga from Eighteenth Century Onwards: A Reconstruction from the Volume on Sāṁkhya Edited by G. Larson and Ramasankara Bhattacharya in the Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies of Karl H. Potter, Vol. IV’. [In:] Krishna, Daya, Developments in Indian Philosophy from Eighteenth Century Onwards: Classical and Western. New Delhi: Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy and Culture, Centre for Study in Civilizations, pp. 97–120.

Kumar, Shiv (1983). Sāṁkhya Thought in the Brahmanical Systems of Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.

Kumar, Shiv (1984). Sāṁkhya-Yoga Epistemology. Delhi: Eastern Book Linkers.

Larson, Gerald James (1987). ‘The History and Literature of Sāṃkhya’. [In:] Larson, Gerald James and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, eds, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. IV: Sāṃkhya: A Dualist Tradition in Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 3–41. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400853533.3 

Larson, Gerald James and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, eds (1987). Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. IV:Sāṃkhya: A Dualist Tradition in Indian Philosophy. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400853533

Łucyszyna, Ołena (2011). ‘Pojęcie prawdziwego poznania (pramā) w sāṁkhyi’ [‘On the Notion of True Cognition (pramā) in Sāṃkhya’]. [In:] Ruchel, Małgorzata, Ada Augustyniak, Barbara Cichy and Kinga Kłeczek-Semerjak, eds, Rozumienie wartości w kulturach Wschodu. Kraków: Wydawnictwo UJ, pp. 253–261. Estetyka i Krytyka 22(3).

Mānameyodaya – see Raja and Sastri (1933).

Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1990). Logic, Language and Reality. Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.

Matilal, Bimal Krishna (2002). ‘Knowledge, Truth and Pramātva’. [In:] Ganeri, Jonardon, ed., The Collected Essays of Bimal Krishna Matilal. Vol. 1: Mind, Language and World. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, pp. 149–161.

McCrea, Lawrence (2015–2018). ‘Justification, Credibility and Truth: Sucaritamiśra on Kumārila’s Intrinsic Validity’. Wiener Zeitschrift Für Die Kunde Südasiens / Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies 56/57: 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1553/wzks2015-2018s99

Mejor, Marek (2004). ‘Some Observations on the Date of the Yuktidīpikā (Apropos of the New Edition)’. [In:] Balcerowicz, Piotr and Marek Mejor, eds, Essays in Indian Philosophy, Religion and Literature. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 399–433.

Mohanty, Jitendranath (2001a). ‘Introduction to Gaṅgeśa’s Theory of Truth’. [In:] Perrett, Roy W., ed., Indian Philosophy: A Collection of Readings. Vol. 1: Epistemology. New York, London: Routledge, pp. 27–98.

Mohanty, Jitendranath (2001b). ‘Nyāya Theory of Doubt’. [In:] Perrett, Roy W., ed., Indian Philosophy: A Collection of Readings. Vol. 1: Epistemology. New York, London: Routledge, pp. 351–371.

Nyāyamañjarī of Jayanta Bhaṭṭa – see (1) Varadacharya (1969); (2) Kataoka (2016).

Perrett, Roy W. (1998). ‘Truth, Relativism and Western Conceptions of Indian Philosophy’. Asian Philosophy 8(1): 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/09552369808575469

Potter, Karl H. (1977). ‘Introduction to the Philosophy of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika’. [In:] Potter, Karl H., ed., Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. II: Indian Metaphysics and Epistemology: The Tradition of Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika up to Gaṅgeśa. Princeton (New Jersey): Princeton University Press, pp. 1–208.

Potter, Karl H., ed. (2014). Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies. Vol. XVI: Philosophy of Pūrva-Mīmāṁsā. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.

Raja, C. Kunhan and S. S. Suryanarayana Sastri, eds and trans (1933). Mānameyodaya: An Elementary Treatise on the Mīmāṃsā by Nārāyaṇa. Adyar, Madras: Theosophical Publishing House.

Ratié, Isabelle (2014). ‘A Śaiva Interpretation of the Satkāryavāda: The Sāṁkhya Notion of Abhivyakti and Its Transformation in the Pratyabhijñā Treatise’. Journal of Indian Philosophy 42(1): 127–172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10781-013-9214-3

Ruzsa, Ferenc (2013). ‘Key Issues in Indian Philosophy’. Doctor of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences thesis, ELTE. http://real-d.mtak.hu/898/ (accessed 28 October 2021).

Sarvadarśanasaṃgraha of Mādhava – see Abhyankar (1924).

Sen Gupta, Anima (1969). Classical Sāṃkhya: A Critical Study. Patna: Patna University.

Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович (1995). ‘Kommentariy’. Комментарий [The commentary]. [In:] Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович, trans., Lunnyy svet sankkh’i. Ishvarakrishna. Sankkh’ya-karika. Gaudapada. Sankkh’ya-karika-bkhash’ya. Vachaspati Mishra. Tattva-kaumudi.Лунный свет санкхьи. Ишваракришна. Санкхья-карика. Гаудапада. Санкхья-карика-бхашья. Вачаспати Мишра. Таттва-каумуди [The moonshine of Sāṃkhya. Īśvarakṛṣṇa. Sāṃkhya-kārikā. Gauḍapāda. Sāṃkhya-kārikā-bhāṣya. Vācaspati Miśra. Tattva-kaumudī]. Moskva: Ladomir, pp. 244–306.

Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович (1997a). ‘Istoriko-filosofskoye issledovaniye’. Историко-философское исследование [Historico-philosophical study]. [In:] Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович, trans., Sutry filosofii sankkh’i. Tattva-samasa. Krama-dipika. Sankkh’ya-sutry. Sankkh’ya-sutra-vritti. Сутры философии санкхьи. Таттва-самаса. Крама-дипика. Санкхья-сутры. Санкхья-сутра-вритти [Sūtras of Sāṃkhya philosophy. Tattva-samāsa. Krama-dīpikā. Sāṃkhya-sūtras. Sāṃkhya-sūtra-vṛtti]. Moskva: Ladomir, pp. 13–127.

Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович (1997b). ‘Kommentariy k tekstam’. Комментарий к текстам [Commentary to the texts]. [In:] Shokhin, Vladimir Kirillovich. Шохин, Владимир Кириллович, trans., Sutry filosofii sankkh’i. Tattva-samasa. Krama-dipika. Sankkh’ya-sutry. Sankkh’ya-sutra-vritti. Сутры философии санкхьи. Таттва-самаса. Крама-дипика. Санкхья-сутры. Санкхья-сутра-вритти [Sūtras of Sāṃkhya philosophy.Tattva-samāsa. Krama-dīpikā. Sāṃkhya-sūtras. Sāṃkhya-sūtra-vṛtti]. Moskva: Ladomir, pp. 288–344.

Singh, Badri Nath (1988). Dictionary of Indian Philosophical Concepts. Varanasi: Asha Prakashan.

Solomon, Esther A. (1974). The Commentaries of the Sāṁkhya Kārikā – A Study. Ahmedabad: Gujarat University.

Sreenivasulu, M. (1991). The Test of Truth and Error in Indian Philosophy. Tirupati: Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams.

Śāstrī, Dvārikādāsa, ed. (1978). Ślokavārttika of Śrī Kumārila Bhaṭṭa with the Commentary Nyāyaratnākara of Śrī Pārthasārathi Miśra. Varanasi: Tara Publications.

Śāstrī, K. Sāmbaśiva, ed. (1990). Mīmāṃsā Ślokavārttika with the Commentary Kāśikā of Sucaritamiśra. Parts 1, 2. Trivandrum: CBH Publications.

Ślokavārttikā by Kumārila Bhaṭṭa – see Śāstrī (1978), Śāstrī (1990) and Kataoka (2011).

Taber, John (1992). ‘What Did Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Mean by Svataḥ Prāmāṇya?’. Journal of the American Oriental Society 112(2): 204–221. https://doi.org/10.2307/603701

Takakusu, M. Junjiro, ed. and trans. (1904). ‘La Sāṃkhyakārikā étudiée à la lumière de sa version chinoise (II). Traité sur les «Septante d’or» (Suvarṇasaptati) ou Traité sur la philosophie Sāṃkhya (Sāṃkhyaśāstra) traduit par Paramārtha’. Bulletin de l’Ecole Française d’Extrême-Orient 4: 978–1064. https://doi.org/10.3406/befeo.1904.1406

Torella, Raffaele (2011). The Philosophical Traditions of India: An Appraisal. Varanasi: Indica Books.

Uno, Atsushi (1980). ‘Some Remarks on the Prāmāṇya-vāda of Jainism’. [In:] Shastri, Vaggesh, Balchandra Jain, Nandlal Jain, Vidyadhar Johrapurkar, Manikchand Chavre, Satish Kumar Jain and Babulal Jain Phagulla, eds, Siddhantacharya Pandit Kailashchandra Shastri Felicitation Volume. Rewa, Madhya Pradesh: Siddhantacharya Pandit Kailashchandra Shastri Felicitations Committee, pp. 542–548.

Varadacharya, Vidvan K. S. (1969). Nyāyamañjarī of Jayantabhaṭṭa with Ṭippaṇī – Nyāyasaurabha by the Editor. Vol. I. Mysore: Oriental Research Institute.

Weerasinghe, S. G. M. (1993). The Sāṅkhya Philosophy. A Critical Evaluation of Its Origins and Development. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.

Wezler, Albrecht and Shujun Motegi, eds (1998). Yuktidīpikā. The Most Significant Commentary on the Sāṃkhyakārikā. Vol. I. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.

Yamasaki, Tsugihiko (1963). ‘The Conception of “Svataḥ Prāmāṇya” in the Mīmāṃsā-ślokavārttika’. Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies 11(1): 347–342 (32–37). https://doi.org/10.4259/ibk.11.347